[l/m 4/16/1998] Shell2 -- the outrigger (2/4) c.g.v.FAQ2

#Disabled
Archive-name: comp.viz.faq

"Feed me." -- Audrey II, the Plant in "The Little Shop of Horrors."

Contents
========

Intro
-----
What is visualization?
----------------------
Systems
-------
Issue/problems
--------------
Netiquette
----------
References
----------
================================

Intro
-----

The quality of this FAQ is directly proportional to the information
mailed by participants (that's you) to the maintainer (me, Amelia).
You don't like it? Blame the rest of the posters and readers.
I don't have 100% time to maintain this. We are starting from scratch.
If an address or phone is out of date? Blame the group. I'm just a dumb
computer posting as I am told.

The structure of this FAQ is currently a twice monthly post, with two
weekly outriggers pointing to the Long version. We will see how well
this works (empirical science).

You should not have to see this file all the time. Don't bother saving it
unless you have a flakey net connection. Grab the most recent revision
off the net. The Subject: line is designed to fit within the 24-char limit
of most Killfile systems. Learn about Killfiles. If you have something
against FAQ files, the regular expression /.*FAQ$/ will Kill All My Children
and me. We suggest that you learn how to use news and how news works
before complaining. See news.annouce.newusers.
This post is like a lighthouse or a fog horn. Learn how to use it.

This is part II.



Article 5198 of comp.graphics.visualization:
Path: cnn.nas.nasa.gov!ames!hookup!usc!usc!not-for-mail
From: merlin@neuro.usc.edu (merlin)
Newsgroups: comp.graphics.visualization
Subject: Re: WANTED: Volume Rendering Bibliography
Date: 22 Apr 1994 22:58:41 -0700

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Johnson, Maryfran
Title: Visualization making inroads. (Advanced Visual Systems Inc.'s
AVS5 software) (Product Announcement)
Source: Computerworld (March 1 1993) v27 n9 p59(2) 1993.
Subjects: Computer software industry - Product introduction
Program development software - Product introduction
Abstract: Advanced Visual Systems Inc announces the introduction of its
AVS5 software, which is shipping as of Mar 1993. The software
is priced at $25,000 for a Developers AVS starter pack, while
an AVS runtime license is priced starting at $3,000. End-user
AVS licensing is priced starting at $6,500. AVS software is a
development environment that is utilized to create customized
applications in engineering analysis, medical imaging,
environmental studies and financial modeling. The newest AVS5
expands the variety of tools utilized to create applications
for displaying and processing complex images and data. AVS5
also uses new imaging and volume rendering features.
Company: Advanced Visual Systems Inc. - Product introduction
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Gerstein, Dave
Title: PCs Compleat shores up direct-response niche. (CPs Compleat
Inc.)
Source: Computer Reseller News (Nov 23 1992) n501 p24(1) 1992.
Subjects: Computer industry - Marketing
Direct marketing - Technique
Value-added resellers - Marketing
Abstract: Direct-response firm PCs Compleat Inc is gaining momentum, with
sales doubling every two to three months and incoming calls
hitting 10,000 per month. The company combines the ease and
low cost of mail order shopping with the selection of a
superstore; in addition, the company's warehouse is automated.
Although PCs Compleat has yet to reach its goal of becoming a
billion dollar company, analysts believe the potential is
there, given the company's caliber of management. One recent
management decision has been to add products from AST Research
Inc, including its Premium SE, PowerExec and Power Premium
product lines. PCs Compleat also sells products from Everex
Systems Inc, Leading Edge Products Inc, Toshiba Corp and Texas
Instruments Inc. According to AST Research's Ray Robidoux, PCs
Compleat's potential sales volume could put it among the top 10
percent to 15 percent of AST's resellers.
Company: PCs Compleat Inc. - Statistics
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Pommert, Andreas
Bomans, Michael
Hohne, Karl Heinz
Title: Volume visualization in magnetic resonance angiography.
Source: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (Sept 1992) v12 n5
p12(2) 1992.
Subjects: Magnetic resonance - Usage
Angiography - Technique
Computer graphics - Usage
Abstract: Magnetic resonance angiography builds on magnetic resonance
imaging by providing stacks of parallel cross-sectional images
that show the blood vessels distinctly. MRA images can be
obtained from MRI scanners, although blood vessels do not
display well in two dimensional scans. Volume visualization
techniques were developed to achieve a more natural
presentation of tomographic volume data. Aliasing effects can
result in strong artifacts when applied to MRA data. Detailed
is an overview of MRA technology. Areas discussed include new
angiographic techniques and various applications of the
technology.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Wilhelms, Jane
Gelder, Allen Van
Title: Octrees for faster isosurface generation. (Technical)
Source: ACM Transactions on Graphics (July 1992) v11 n3 p201(27) 1992.
Abstract: Visualization algorithms are often prevented from providing
interactive rendering because of the large size of many volume
data sets. Using hierarchical data structures can help prevent
exploration of useless regions. Detailed is the use of the
octree hierarchical data structure, which is well suited to the
six-sided cell structure of many volumes. A new design is
detailed for octree representatives of volumes whose
resolutions are not a power of two. Also discussed is a
caching method that passes information between octrees with
different visitation times. Also presented are space and time
comparisons for octree-based methods versus more traditional
methods.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Hohne, Karl Heinz
Bomans, Michael
Riemer, Martin
Schubert, Rainer
Tiede, Ulf
Lierse, Werner
Title: A volume-based anatomical atlas. (Technical)
Source: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (July 1992) v12 n4
p72(7) 1992.
Subjects: Visualization (Computers) - Research
Anatomy, Surgical and topographical - Study and teaching
Computer Graphics - Usage
Abstract: Volume visualization provides physicians with the ability to
analyze specific areas of the body and is beginning to be used
in medical education. Hypermedia offers students and teachers
the opportunity to find information in an order determined by
needs rather than by the rigidly linear structure of textbooks.
The combination of volume-based images with hypermedia presents
an ideal way of organizing anatomical data. The data is
related by structure, function, topology and pathology allowing
students to access it in different ways at different times
depending on their specific interest. Users can also isolate
or color structures within an image to make aspects clearer.
Further research into a more natural interface is being
conducted.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Yoo, Terry s.
Neumann, Ulrich
Fuchs, Henry
Pizer, Stephen M.
Cullip, Tim
Rhoades, John
Whitaker, Ross
Title: Direct visualization of volume data. (computer graphics)
(Technical)
Source: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (July 1992) v12 n4
p63(9) 1992.
Subjects: Computer Graphics - Research
Imaging Technology - Research
Abstract: Volume rendering is used to produce complex images of higher
dimensional data, but too often the images are presented in a
way that makes analysis difficult. Researchers are developing
user-driven image interfaces to remedy the situation. These
interfaces are interactive and allow user control of the
semantic classification tool. Users are able to select a
region within the image for closer scrutiny. A comparison of
multipass shear, splatting and trilinear reconstruction
techniques results in the development of a parallel algorithm
to produce both the necessary fast updates and high image
quality. The human brain is able to interpolate missing data
in images when motion is present and the volume rendering
system is able to use this to improve image quality.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Rosenblum, Lawrence J.
Brown, Bruce E.
Title: Guest editors' introduction: visualization. (Cover Story)
Source: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (July 1992) v12 n4
p18(2) 1992.
Subjects: Visualization - Technique
Abstract: The term 'visualization' is used to indicate graphic
representation of data to make its implications clearer.
Scientists hope their work will progress from 'visualization'
to 'realization' or complete understanding. The theme of this
issue of IEEE Computer Graphics is visualization and topics
covered include scientific data visualization, the use of
visualization to produce tools for developing entertainment,
improved volume measuring algorithms, experiments in higher
dimensional space and new interfaces. Visualization also
encompasses virtual reality experiments and scientists expect
to discover whether or not it is useful for a more complete
understanding of data. A special section of the journal covers
CD-ROM-based applications that include sound, text and
graphics.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Weiss, Ray
Title: Graphics processor strips down for X-Window. (Texas
Instruments Inc's TMS340X microprocessor) (EDN-Processor
Update) (Product Announcement) ..BF: 66P4337
Source: EDN (June 18 1992) v37 n13 p82(2) 1992.
Subjects: Graphics coprocessors - Product introduction
Abstract: Designing X-Window terminals that cost less than $1,000 will be
easier as chips such as Texas Instruments Inc's TMS340X
graphics processor become available. The TMS340X is a
scaled-down version of the TMS34020. The new chip is designed
for low-cost, gray-scale and color X-terminal products. The
TMS340X retains the TMS34020's 40MHz clock, but it runs as a
standalone processor rather than as a microcomputer
coprocessor. The device's PC host, coprocessor and
multiprocessor interfaces have been removed to reduce costs.
For an X terminal, the TMS340X functions as the
X-graphics-server central processing unit (CPU). The TMS340X
has a 16-bit or a 32-bit CPU with a 16-bit instruction word and
32-bit arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) and data. The TMS340X will
cost less than $40 in volume quantities.
Company: Texas Instruments Inc. - Product introduction
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Williams, Peter L
Title: Visibility ordering meshed polyhedra.
Source: ACM Transactions on Graphics (April 1992) v11 n2 p103(24) 1992.
Abstract: An acyclic convex set of meshed convex polyhedra can be visibly
ordered by using the Meshed Polyhedra Visibility Ordering
(MPVO) algorithm. Time linear in the size of the mesh is taken
by this algorithm. This algorithm is based on the
understanding that in a visibly ordered set of objects, if one
object obstructs another, then the object being obstructed is
said to precede the obstructing object. This visibility
ordering is required in scientific visualization applications
such as direct volume rendering so that color and opacity
compositing can be used to render a mesh's polyhedral cells.
Nonconvex cells, nonconvex meshes, sets of disconnected meshes
and meshes with cycles can also be visibly ordered by modifying
the MPVO algorithm and/or using preprocessing methods.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Gillen, Al
Title: Who are those guys anyway? (IXI Ltd. seeks recognition for
X.desktop 3.5 graphical user interface) (Workstations)
Source: MIDRANGE Systems (July 7 1992) v5 n13 p16(1) 1992.
Abstract: IXI Ltd works to bring product recognition to its X.Desktop 3.5
graphical user interface (GUI). Because the product is bundled
with AIX 3.2 and versions of Unix sold by NEC, Unisys, Group
Bull SA and SCO and is compatible with DEC's Ultrix and OSF/1,
many users are not aware that X.Desktop is a separate product.
X.Desktop allows icon generation, file management,
drag-and-drop capability and fulfillment of access permission,
icon type and icon class properties. Chmn Ray Anderson says
that his company is working to increase its market share. IXI
will have to compete with HP and Sun Microsystems Inc. IXI has
enhanced X.Desktop 3.5 and versions for the HP, DEC and Sun
platforms will be available 3rd qtr 1992. IXI's highest level
of OEM sales is on the IBM platforms; the highest volume of
sales is on the HP platform; and the highest dollar value of
sales is on the Sun platform.
Company: IXI Ltd. - Products
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Bidasaria, H.B.
Title: Defining and rendering of textured objects through the use of
exponential functions. (Technical)
Source: CVGIP: Graphical Models and Image Processing (March 1992) v54
n2 p97(6) 1992.
Abstract: A method is presented for modeling and rendering surface
textures by defining them over the entire three-dimensional
space, after which any surface that can be represented by an
implicit function can be rendered. No volume rendering is
done, but the surfaces are ray traced directly. Implicit
functions are used to define various surfaces; the functions
are considered exponential functions, the exponents of which
are large magnitudes. The entire surface of a rectangle solid
or a truncated cone can be defined as precisely as desired
using these functions, and complex surfaces can be modeled
using piecewise modeling and blending of various analytical
surfaces. The ray-surface points of intersection and the
normals at the points can be calculated precisely because of
the large relative variation of the implicit functional density
in the entire three-dimensional space. The technique allows
both regular and stochastic textures to be modeled and
rendered.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Giertsen, Christopher
Title: Volume visualization of sparse irregular meshes.
Source: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (March 1992) v12 n2
p40(9) 1992.
Subjects: Visualization (Computers) - Usage
Algorithms - Usage
Computer science - Research
Computer graphics - Models
Abstract: An algorithm is presented that helps designers visualize scalar
volumes of irregular computational meshes. The algorithm
requires the input to be given as a collection of convex
hexahedral elements defined by eight vertices with scalar
values. The algorithm's efficiency is achieved with look-up
tables and buffers when possible to minimize computations. The
Slice function is used to compute the intersection between the
scan plane and the edges of an active element. The scalar
requires that it is interpolated, since each element might
cover several pixels. A scalar field is transformed into a
density field, allowing use of a varying density emitter model
to compare brightness. The order of all contributions to the
pixel values with the associated scan plane must be monitored
to correctly compute a line of a picture. Color mapping, pixel
values and the rendering algorithm are discussed.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Fujimoto, Akira
Hays, Nancy
Title: Mission impossible: high tech made in Poland. (Displays on
Display)
Source: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (March 1992) v12 n2
p8(4) 1992.
Subjects: Ray tracing - Usage
Computer graphics - Innovations
Computer software industry - Poland
Poland - Business and industry
Japan - Business and industry
Abstract: Turbo Beam Tracing (TBT) software from Poland-based Voxel ran
into some difficulties when Japan-based Integra first tried to
introduce it to the Japanese market. The software lacked a
target environment, had simplistic tools and vendor
communication was poor because of the physical distance between
the two companies. Problems also arose with regard to
restrictions of the US-sponsored Committee for Coordination of
Export to Communist Countries (COCOM). Voxel first developed a
version of its ray tracing program five years ago on the
Sinclair QL home computer and produced its color by interfacing
to the XT home computer. Both Integra and Voxel then had to
explain to the Japanese police that ray tracing had nothing to
do with the Strategic Defense Initiative and that the software
was brought to Japan from Poland, rather than being stolen from
a Japanese company. TBT is lighting simulation software that
accommodates a global illumination model and employs a suite of
algorithms based on the idea of bidirectional ray tracing.
Voxel developed technology that provides free-form surfaces
with arbitrary precision using a single axis.
Company: Voxel - Products
Integra - Products
Location: Poland
Geog. Code: EEPL
AEJA
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Stapleton, Lisa
Title: From the inside out: new standard features and options pump up
VoxelView/Ultra's volume visualization power. (Vital Images
Inc.'s graphics software VoxelView/Ultra 2.0 allows users to
examine object interiors)(Review) (Software Review)
(Evaluation)
Source: Computer Graphics World (April 1992) v15 n4 p89(3) 1992.
Subjects: Graphics software - Evaluation
Abstract: Vital Images Inc's VoxelView Ultra 2.0 is a powerful volume
rendering program that may well be worth its $40,000 price tag.
The visualization software has applications in the fields of
surgery, oil discovery, physics and seismic research. Unlike
comparable programs, VoxelView does not limit the user to
two-dimensional images of the external structure of an object.
Instead, it preserves all of the data related to the interior
of the structure. Thus, a surgeon is able to view various
cross-sections of the heart or brain during surgery, and
minimize trauma to the patient. A geologist can examine slices
of the Earth's mantle to determine the presence of oil or
seismic faults. VoxelView runs on Silicon Graphics
workstations, requiring 16Mbytes of memory and a 380Mbyte disk
drive. It features VoxelAnalyzer to measure data, and
VoxelAnimator and VoxelMath are available as optional tools at
$4,000.
Company: Vital Images Inc. - Products
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Abes, Kathy
Title: Behind MacWorld's graphics. (M.A.D. graphic artists Erik
Adigard and Patricia McShane) (Art Beat)
Source: Macworld (May 1992) v9 n5 p51(2) 1992.
Subjects: Graphic arts - Technique
Image processing - Computer programs
Graphics software - Usage
Abstract: Illustrators Erik Adigard and Patricia McShane work out of
their M.A.D. studio with the goal of imbuing their
technologically-driven work with emotion. The artists work on
an Apple Macintosh IIfx equipped with 32Mbytes of RAM and a
160Mbyte internal hard drive. Other peripherals include a
Microtek MSF-300 ZS scanner and a SyQuest 45Mbyte
removable-cartridge hard drive. The artists use such software
packages as Adobe Illustrator 3.0, Adobe Photoshop 2.0 and Ray
Dream Designer. Adigard created the illustration for
MacWorld's 'Correct Color' feature (May 1992 issue) by first
scanning his Mac keyboard. He stretched the scanned image
using Photoshop's Perspective command and rotated it with the
Rotate tool. The artist used a variety of Photoshop's tools to
give the keyboard dimension and volume, to create a negative
effect and to add color, highlights and contrast. Adigard used
Illustrator to create the repeating dot textures for the
rollers.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Weiss, Ray
Title: 16-bit micron combines 200-nsec instructions with low power and
64-kbyte EPROM or ROM. (Hitachi H8/500) (EDN-Processor Update)
(Product Announcement)
Source: EDN (Jan 20 1992) v37 n2 p98(2) 1992.
Subjects: Microcontrollers - Product introduction
Semiconductor industry - Product introduction
Abstract: The H8/500 series, from Hitachi America Ltd, is a 16-bit
high-end microcontroller product line. Prices for H8/500
parts, in volume, range between $11.85 and $34.10. Prices and
feature specifications are provided in a table. A patent
disagreement between Hitachi and Motorola is settled, so that
H8/500 chips can now be bought in the United States. The
HP/500 has a 200-nsec basic instruction cycle with up to
62Kbytes of factory-programmed EPROM or ROM, which is the
largest such memory commercially available, and there are
2Kbytes of static RAM. Compilers and in-circuit emulators are
available from various software publishers.
Company: Hitachi America Ltd. - Product introduction
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Weiss, Ray
Title: 4-bit microcontroller supports 16 kbytes of EPROM and 1K
nibbles of static RAM. (the micro-PD75P316A 4-bit
microcontroller, from NEC Electronics Inc.) (EDN-Processor
Update) (Product Announcement)
Source: EDN (Jan 20 1992) v37 n2 p96(2) 1992.
Subjects: Microcontrollers - Product introduction
Semiconductor industry - Product introduction
Abstract: Four-bit microcontrollers are still useful as evidenced by the
micro-PD75P316A, from NEC Electronics Inc. The device
incorporates a 16Kbyte EPROM with low power demand, a direct
drive for light emitting diodes (LEDs) and a liquid crystal
display (LCD) controller. Four-bit microcontrollers are like
8-bit microcontrollers in that they have 8-bit instruction
sets, but they use 4-bit arithmetic and data. They have,
therefore, the same control capabilities as 8-bit devices, but
they are suited to applications that do not use 8-bit
arithmetic or long data words. The micro-PD75P316A costs
$27.95, in volume, for the one-time programmable part and $65
for the reprogrammable part, in small quantities.
Company: NEC Electronics Inc. - Product introduction
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Weiss, Ray
Title: 8-bit 68HC05K microcontroller minimizes cost and fits in 16-pin
DIPs and SOICs. (Motorola 68HC05K microcontroller)(dual
in-line package; small-outline integrated circuit)
(EDN-Processor Update) (Product Announcement)
Source: EDN (Jan 20 1992) v37 n2 p93(4) 1992.
Subjects: Microcontrollers - Product introduction
Program development software - Product development
Semiconductor industry - Product introduction
Abstract: The Motorola 68HC05K 8-bit microcontroller, which is expected
to cost less than 90 cents in volume, comes in a 16-pin dual
in-line package (DIP), which is the smallest pin package
available for an 8-bit microcontroller. The 68HC05K is a
variation on the 68HC05, which incorporates basic functions in
an inexpensive low-end chip: it has a single accumulator and
index register, and it typically has only 2- to 4Kbytes of ROM
and 176bytes of RAM. There are no arrangements for accessing
off-chip memory. There are four 8-bit input/output (I/O) ports
and a counter/timer system. The 68HC05K is even simpler: there
are two I/O ports; there is 1Kbyte of on-chip memory, with 50
bytes of ROM or EPROM and 32bytes of RAM. A new feature is a
64-bit personality EPROM, for holding version or design data.
There are three new products in the 68HC05K line: the 68HC05K0,
which is the most basic design; the 68HC05K1 with personality
EPROM; and the one-time programmable 68HC705K1 with EPROM.
Costs are: $1.20 for the 68HC05K0; $1.85 for the 68HC05K1; and
$2.76 for the one-time programmable 68HC705K1. A
development-software package for the 68HC05K is being developed
at P&E Microsystems, Woburn, MA.
Company: P and E Inc. - Product development
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Worthington, Paul
Title: 3-D at a clip; add a new dimension to your publication or
presentation; affordable 3-D clip models for Macs and DOS PCs,
combined with inexpensive imaging programs, create an endless
variety of original art. (three-dimensional model clip art
libraries)
Source: Publish (March 1992) v7 n3 p86(4) 1992.
Subjects: Computer software industry - Products
Three-dimensional graphics - Computer programs
Graphics software - Computer programs
Desktop publishing - Computer programs
Abstract: MacroMind*Paracomp's $129 SwivelArt, Ray Dream's $99 JAG,
Silicon Beach Software's $199 Gallery Effects and NEC
Technologies' $399 Clip Art 3-D three-dimensional (3-D) model
clip art libraries are examined. Both Clip Art 3-D and Swivel
Art are easy to operate; ready-made 3-D objects can be copied
or pasted into a scene, positioned at will and exported from
the menu. PICT and EPS files are then available to place in a
program like PageMaker, for editing in Canvas or FreeHand and
presented in Persuasion or Hollywood. JAG solves the problem
of jaggies by opening an image, anti-aliasing it and closing
the image, and JAG does it 10 seconds faster, and with higher
quality, than SwivelArt. Gallery Effects works as a desk
accessory, as a stand-alone application or as a series of
plug-in filters, and it lets users set several variables, such
as stroke length and faithfulness to detail.
Company: Silicon Beach Software Inc. - Products
NEC Technologies Inc. - Products
Ray Dream Inc. - Products
MacroMind Inc. - Products
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Ney, Derek R.
Fishman, Elliot K.
Title: Editing tools for 3D medical imaging. (includes related
article on visualization in medicine) (Multiplanar
Reconstruction Editor lets one interactively create shapes that
define volumes of interest in images of medical data)
(Technical)
Source: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (Nov 1991) v11 n6
p63(9) 1991.
Abstract: Multiplanar Reconstruction Editor (MRP Edit) is one in a series
of editing tools for presentation of three-dimensional (3D)
images by interactively creating geometric shapes. A 2D
computer draw and program was extended to a 3D program for MPR
Edit. The MPR Edit display features transaxial, coronal and
sagittal slices through the volume. The program runs on a Sun
workstation and a Pixar Image Computer from Vicom Systems. The
code is written in C++ for the most part and executes on the
Sun workstation. New shapes can be easily added to the Shape
classes by creating a subclass of Intersectable Shape and
adding code to compute the polygonal intersections with that
specific shape. The intersection must be computed in 3D; this
can be a mathematically complex process. The basic purpose of
MRP Edit is to optimize the presentation of 3D human body
images to the end users: surgeon, therapist and radiologist.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Udupa, Jayaram K.
Odhner, Dewey
Title: Fast visualization, manipulation, and analysis of binary
volumetric objects. (set of algorithms to interactively
visualize, manipulate, and measure large 3D objects)
(Technical)
Source: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (Nov 1991) v11 n6
p53(10) 1991.
Abstract: Digital structures are represented by a new method, the
semiboundary (SB) representation. The set of algorithms has
several advantages over other methods: less storage and
computation time is required for the retention of the entire
scene or information derived; improved efficiency in
visualization and manipulation over other data structures, such
as octrees and run-length codes; and fewer problems with
manipulation related to ray computation. SB representation is
helpful in surgical planning where interactive speeds are
essential; the new data structure and set of algorithms is
designed to help handle issues of data representation and
speed. The SB representation stores boundary and interior
information. The basic surface element used is a voxel. An
object-derived icon is used to provide effective interaction.
Use of the technology is being explored for application in
complex multiple osteotomies, structures inaccessible to
physical measurement, and for study of deformities of
structures that have symmetric counterparts.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Irving, Frank
Title: DEC's Alpha project promises new beginning; strategy
crystallizes for emerging RISC-based architecture.
Source: MIDRANGE Systems (Jan 7 1992) v5 n1 p3(1) 1992.
Abstract: DEC's Alpha initiative is expected to lead to volume shipments
of new products by the end of 1992; the open, 64-bit reduced
instruction set computer (RISC) architecture is planned to have
a life expectancy of 25 years. An Alpha desktop workstation is
planned for release near the end of 1992 and is to be followed
by Alpha systems of all sizes, from palmtops to supercomputers,
to be released before the end of 1994. Alpha will support
traditional VMS, including user interface, utilities, network
and system management functions, and will also support OSF/1;
it may support other operating systems as well. DEC VAX/VMS
Systems and Servers VP William Demmer says Alpha systems will
deliver performance three to four times that of the VAX 6000
Model 600 and VAX 4000 Model 500. DEC expects 32-bit
architectures to run out of address space in the future and to
lag the memory technology enhancements required for imaging,
modeling, multimedia, simulation, visualization and other such
applications.
Company: Digital Equipment Corp. - Product development
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
What is Khoros?
Khoros is for scientists, engineers, data analysts and explorers
who need to perform a variety of domain-specific tasks and solve real
problems. Khoros is a complete data exploration and software development
environment that reduces your time in solving complex problems, allows free
sharing of ideas and information, and promotes portability. Unlike other
canned, unextensible products, Khoros provides a cost effective, complete
prototype to end-solution software development environment.
Please look at the KRI home page for additional information
(http://www.khoral.com), or consult the other FAQs listed
in question #2.


Item 2
How to get Khoros

There is a new version of Khoros - 2.2, released July 1997.
Khoros Pro 2.2 with source code and binaries for selected architectures
on CD-ROM - it costs $549. It is available from KRI.
Licenses must be purchased for distribution of Khoros based products.

Advanced Khoros, the rapidly changing R&D version of Khoros technology
is available as source code only via ftp as a limited access product.
Please see the Advanced Khoros 2.2 Release notes and README at
www.khoral.com.

Khoros is able to output data in .rs format, therefore Sunview
would handle it just fine as well.

Khoros 1.0 is no longer available -
Khoros does still do surface thresholding using image gradient
techniques and produce grayscale renderings of surfaces.

Sun, SGI, DEC, HP, IBM, NeXT.

The three major requirements for Khoros are:
X11R5, a UNIX-type operating system, and
lots of space (min. 120-150 Meg). Only if your PC has these three
prerequisites can you consider doing a port of Khoros to your PC.
Successful ports of Khoros have been done for the Mac II and various
386/486 machines that meet these requirements.
Email support@khoral.com for information on porting. Email
info@khoral.com for general info. WWW site at http://www.khoral.com/

Usenet: comp.soft-sys.khoros.

Please see http://www.khoral.com/


------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Cohen, Raines
Title: Maple branches out into 3-D world; more functions, help bolster
math tool. (Waterloo Maple Software's Maple version V
interactive computer algebra software package) (product
announcement)
Source: MacWEEK (Oct 29 1991) v5 n37 p10(1) 1991.
Abstract: Waterloo Maple Software introduces version V of the Maple
interactive computer algebra software package developed by the
Symbolic Computation Group at the University of Waterloo,
Ontario, computer science department. Maple V adds 3-D
graphics, user control over styles in worksheets and 700 new
math functions; the program is used for symbolic and numeric
computation, mathematical programming and visualization. Maple
is made up of a small engine customized to each CPU, a
platform-independent kernel and a 7Mbyte multiplatform library
with over 2,000 user-modifiable functions. The new version
runs on Macintoshes with 2Mbytes of RAM and does not require a
math coprocessor. Maple V costs $450 per computer for the
Macintosh (volume discounts are available); the price for other
platforms ranges from $695 for 386-based machines to $8,495 for
Cray XMP supercomputers.
Company: Waterloo Maple Software - Product introduction
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Schwartz, Karen D.
Title: Agx/Toolmaster has 3-D grid visualization. (Uniras Inc.'s
Agx/Toolmaster programming tools) (product announcement)
Source: Government Computer News (Sept 30 1991) v10 n20 p35(1) 1991.
Subjects: Program development software - Product introduction
X windows (Standard) - Usage
Three-dimensional graphics - Usage
Computer software industry - Product introduction
Abstract: Uniras Inc's Agx/Toolmaster program development software ranges
in price from $3,900 to $35,000. It provides a group of
programming tools for numeric information visualization on
X-Windows-based workstations. The graphics tools included in
Agx/Toolmaster enable developers to combine presentation and
visualization methods in applications. Specific tools include
a volume visualization library and a three-dimensional grid
visualization kit. The program is beneficial because it cuts
down the time and code needed to maintain and create
visualization applications in X-Windows. The product functions
on Unix workstations from IBM, DEC, HP and Sun Microsystems
Inc.
Company: Uniras Inc. - Product introduction
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Powell, Doug
Title: The brash and bold boss of Sun. (profile of Sun Microsystems
Inc. chairman and CEO Scott McNealy) (Industry) (interview)
Source: Computing Canada (Sept 26 1991) v17 n20 p17(1) 1991.
Subjects: Computer industry - Officials and employees
Workstations (Computers) - Marketing
Abstract: Sun Microsystems Inc Chmn and CEO Scott McNealy discusses the
workstation vendor's strategic planning, stressing the related
goals of portability and platform interoperability. Sun's
philosophy, says McNealy, is to 'innovate in volume.' He
criticizes competitors HP and IBM for rushing out new products
that conflict with their previous offerings. Sun's goal is one
of consistency, involving clear-cut upgrade and migration
avenues for Sun customers. The next big goal for the
workstation manufacturer, McNealy stresses, is to develop a
board product that integrates visualization, imaging and
real-time compression. According to McNealy, the boundaries
between technical and commercial workstations are eroding. If
an integrated Unix-RISC-GUI environment were developed, he
states, it could handle 95-98 percent of the computing tasks
currently being performed.
Name Subject: McNealy, Scott - Interviews
Company: Sun Microsystems Inc. - Officials and employees
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Francis, Bob
Title: Workstations enter the third dimension. (reduced instruction
set computer-based three-dimensional workstations, market
growth)(includes related article on the Advanced Computing
Environment consortium)
Source: Datamation (Sept 1 1991) v37 n17 p34(3) 1991.
Subjects: Reduced-instruction-set computers - Usage
Workstations (Computers) - Design and construction
Computer industry - Analysis
Three-dimensional graphics - Equipment and supplies
Abstract: Reduced instruction set computer- (RISC) based
three-dimensional workstations are gaining in popularity as
prices drop and more suppliers begin providing their customers
with upgrade paths. 3-D workstations feature enhanced graphics
capabilities such as the ability to work with graphs of three
axes, or to manipulate lifelike surface renderings of objects
from a variety of views. High-end machines that formerly cost
$50,000 are available for $30,000 in 1991; 3-D machines claimed
15 percent of the $6.5 billion workstation market in 1990.
Analysts expect 3-D systems to account for 25 percent of the
volume of workstation shipments in 1991. Dataquest Inc
speculates that the 3-D market will increase at a 24.2 percent
growth rate through 1996. The five chief applications of 3-D
computing include design animation and functional simulation;
design visualization; display and interpretation of analytic
results; 3-D data base development; and
manufacturing/assembly/maintenance simulation and control.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Taft, Darryl K.
Title: Scrappy IBM and Sun refuse to take recession lying down.
(IBM's Power Visualization System shown at the Siggraph '91
show and Sun Microsystems Inc. Pres and CEO Scott McNealy
speaking at the conference)(Open File) (column)
Source: Government Computer News (Sept 2 1991) v10 n18 p51(2) 1991.
Subjects: Computer industry - Analysis
Workstations (Computers) - Marketing
Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics - 1991
Abstract: IBM and Sun Microsystems Inc are prepared to weather the
recession in the computer industry, as shown by IBM's new
aggressiveness and Sun's continued adherence to standards. IBM
showed its new Power Visualization System at the recent
Siggraph '91 show; the visualization computer incorporates the
IBM RISC System/6000 workstation and provides supercomputing
performance. The Power Visualization System was developed by
researchers at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center in less
than two years because the center was freed from the typical
organizational bureaucracy and because the project had several
supporters among IBM's top management. Sun Pres and CEO Scott
McNealy spoke at Siggraph '91, saying the key to success in the
computer business is volume; Sun is currently fighting to
retain its majority share of the UNIX workstation market.
McNealy also credits the company's adherence to standards for
its success in the workstation market.
Name Subject: McNealy, Scott - Addresses, essays, lectures
Company: International Business Machines Corp. - Product development
Sun Microsystems Inc. - Marketing
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Koyamada, Koji
Nishio, Toshihiko
Title: Volume visualization of 3D finite element method results.
(technical)
Source: IBM Journal of Research and Development (Jan-March 1991) v35
n1-2 p12(14) 1991.
Abstract: This paper describes a method for visualizing the output data
set of a 3D finite element method result. A linear tetrahedral
element is used as a primitive for the visualization
processing, and a 3D finite element model is subdivided into a
set of these primitives, which are generated at every solid
element. With these primitives, isosurfaces are visualized
semitransparently from scalar data at each node point. Two
methods are developed for the visualization of isosurfaces with
and without intermediate geometries. The methods are applied
to output data sets from some simulation results of a
semiconductor chip. These are visualized, and the
effectiveness of the method is discussed. (Reprinted by
permission of the publisher.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Doherty, Richard
Wirbel, Loring
Title: SGI pushes visualization under $8k. (Silicon Graphics Computer
Systems Inc.) (Iris Indigo 3-D visualization machine) (product
announcement)
Source: Electronic Engineering Times (July 22 1991) n651 p1(2) 1991.
Abstract: Silicon Graphics Computer Systems Inc (SGI) is introducing the
Iris Indigo, the desktop-computing industry's lowest priced 3-D
visualization machine. The Iris Indigo offers 2-D and 3-D
graphics capabilities that include alpha bending and texture
mapping. The device is designed around the industry's most
robust multimedia architecture and features multiple internal
data highways. The base price for Iris Indigo, which will be
available in volume in Sep 1991, is $7,995. SGI is also
introducing Iris Explorer, a new visualization environment for
developing applications without writing code.
Company: Silicon Graphics Inc. - Product introduction
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Hillmam, David
Title: AI and the intelligence community. (artificial intelligence
used by government intelligence agencies)
Source: AI Expert (August 1991) v6 n8 p54(4) 1991.
Abstract: Information gathering, processing and dissemination is not much
different in government intelligence agencies than it is in
large corporations, and just as in the corporate world,
artificial intelligence technologies can be used by the
intelligence community to enhance information management. The
Eighth Intelligence Community AI/Advanced Computing Symposium
held in Mar 1991 focused on how artificial intelligence
techniques and tools can help process the growing volume of
data being collected with limited staff. Technologies for
collecting, routing and storing data are limited by the ability
of humans to analyze the information; artificial intelligence
can be used to enhance human information processing capacity
through text processing, intelligent document retrieval,
language processing, knowledge visualization, decision aids,
expert systems, neural networks, multisource fusion, imagery
analysis, parallel processing and signal analysis, and computer
security. Each of these is described, and future use of
AI-based systems by agencies is examined.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Schuette, Lawrence C.
Title: Acoustic holography. (Naval Research Laboratory use of
holography)
Source: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (July 1991) v11 n4
p12(2) 1991.
Subjects: United States. Naval Research Laboratory - Research
Abstract: Acoustic holography is an important diagnostic technique for
analyzing radiating structures. The Naval Research Laboratory
(NRL) collection and analysis of acoustic holographic data
centers around the Generalized Near Field Acoustical Holography
(Genah) technique, which was developed for the analysis of
submerged, radiating, cylindrical objects. A volume
visualization and animation technique using a Silicon Graphics
4D Iris Graphics Workstation was developed from the analysis of
acoustic holograms generated with Genah. Animation and volume
visualization techniques applied to acoustic holographic data
increased understanding of the mechanisms of a radiating
structure.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Nielson, Gregory M.
Foley, Thomas A.
Hamann, Bernd
Lane, David
Title: Visualizing and modeling scattered multivariate data.
Source: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (May 1991) v11 n3
p47(9) 1991.
Abstract: Mathematical models are developed for the computer
visualization of sampled scattered volumetric data in a
three-dimensional volume and scattered surface-on-surface data
on a 3D surface. Scientific data does not always appear in a
tractable uniform grid, so mathematical models are required to
interpolate or approximate an entire domain from available
scattered data. Modeling volumetric data employs the
multiquadratic method for solving of one dependent and three
independent variables, while visualizing the data assumes the
data is given over a cuberille grid and uses isovalue surface
and volume rendering methods interactively. Surface-on-surface
data modeling is similar to volumetric modeling but with one
data site on a surface in 3D space. Visualizing
surface-on-surface data is accomplished by drawing isovalue
curves on a surface or through the use of a new hypersurface
projection graph.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Becker, Richard A.
Eick, Stephen G.
Wilks, Allan R.
Title: Basics of network visualization. (AT & T develops Seenet
long-distance telephone network usage visualization software)
Source: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (May 1991) v11 n3
p12(3) 1991.
Abstract: AT and T Bell Laboratories Inc developed the Seenet network
visualization software for the interactive display of the
dynamics of long-distance telephone network usage. The AT and
T long distance network has over 100 nodes, all of which are
connected to virtually every other node. Seenet provides a
variety of tools for the effective visual display of such a
complex network against a map of the US. These tools include
on-screen graphical buttons and sliders that allow variations
in the thickness, length and volume thresholds represented by
lines indicating the amount of traffic between any two nodes.
The controls also enable the addition or deletion of nodes or
segments, zooming in on portions of the map, display of
statistics for any section of the map and a historical display
of network statistics.
Company: AT and T Bell Laboratories Inc. - Research
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Becker, Shawn C.
Barrett, William A.
Olssen, Dan R.
Title: Interactive measurement of three-dimensional objects using a
depth buffer and linear probe. (The Interaction Technique
Notebook) (technical)
Source: ACM Transactions on Graphics (April 1991) v10 n2 p200(8) 1991.
Abstract: Using a depth buffer and a three-dimensional Digital
Differential Analyzer (DDA) line (linear probe) can be used to
provide real-time visual and quantitative feedback relating to
object geometry and surface dimensions. The technique is
simple: the two-dimensional mouse position is projected onto
the object's surface, which specifies the 3D point on the
object's surface. A second point is dragged along the surface
and the intervening surface structures are visually penetrated
by the probe. This updates the surface structures in real
time. The kinetic depth effect enables the interactive
movement of the probe to provide excellent depth perception.
The area between a given probe and its projected surface curve
can be estimated to provide area measurements. The linear
probe is helpful where quantification of volume image data is
of equal importance with visualization.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Porter, Stephen
Title: Insightful analysis. (using volume visualization in industrial
and engineering application areas) (includes related article on
volume visualization in flight simulation) (Special Report:
part four)
Source: Computer Graphics World (April 1991) v14 n4 p75(4) 1991.
Abstract: Many industrial engineers are discovering the benefits of using
volume visualization, especially in the area of non-destructive
evaluation (NDE). NDE uses X-rays to discover defects, cracks
and holes in materials and parts. Information gained from NDE
is then used in failure analysis, process control and quality
control. Volume rendering, an aspect of volume visualization,
enhances NDE capabilities because it provides the ability to
conduct inspections in three-dimensions. The US Air Force is
conducting experiments with three-dimensional image processing
because it is attempting to develop a system to inspect rocket
engines for intercontinental ballistic missiles. Volume
rendering can eliminate ambiguity and provide a way to examine
information that is more natural. However, a drawback to the
technology is that the software is hard to use. Also, many
tasks still can be accomplished using two-dimensional
technology.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Mahoney, Diana Phillips
Title: Small worlds. (examining life under the microscope with volume
visualization) (Special Report: part two)
Source: Computer Graphics World (April 1991) v14 n4 p57(3) 1991.
Abstract: Biomedical research has achieved many benefits by utilizing
advances in computer visualization and optical microscopy.
Currently, many research centers are using volumetric rendering
to enable scientists to view three-dimensional microstructures
in three dimensions, providing scientists with the ability to
gather more complete data. The confocal microscope is an
example of the application of volumetric rendering technology.
The microscope obtains a microscopic structure, which is then
digitized by a video camera and a frame grabber. The
technology enables researchers to visualize live cells.
Another application combines volumetric rendering with X-ray
crystallography to develop a drug design built around the
structures of receptors and enzymes. Researchers believe the
biomedical microscopy application of volumetric visualization
technology is boundless because it can be used in many areas
including AIDS and Cancer research.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Mahoney, Diana Phillips
Title: Internal medicine. (advances in rendering technology enhance
medical imaging technology) (Special Report: part one)
Source: Computer Graphics World (April 1991) v14 n4 p47(5) 1991.
Abstract: A new type of volume visualization called volumetric or
voxel-based rendering which helping medical professionals make
accurate diagnoses. Volumetric rendering provides computerized
representations of volume images in three dimensions. Research
and medical centers use computers to gather information from
two-dimensional sources and to assimilate the data into
three-dimensional volumetric images, enabling practitioners to
focus on comprehending information instead of gathering
information. Geometric methods have also been used to develop
three-dimensional images, but volumetric rending creates images
of higher quality because it does not use techniques which
cause fine-line distortions. Numerous examples are presented
of medical and research centers that are applying the
volumetric rendering technology.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: LoPiccolo, Phil
Title: The visible volume. (overview of a special report on volume
visualization technology) (Special Report)
Source: Computer Graphics World (April 1991) v14 n4 p44(2) 1991.
Abstract: Volume visualization is a scientific, computer-aided
visualization method which enables scientists and engineers to
look inside almost any object with non-destructive and
non-invasive techniques. The term also applies to a technique
called volume rendering which can be perceived as
three-dimensional image processing. Other volume visualization
techniques include geometry-based surface rendering methods and
quantitative measuring methods. Computed tomography,
ultrasound and magnetic resonance are three methodologies which
generate the data used in volume visualization. In addition,
recent advancements in imaging speed and resolution in hardware
technology have helped the development of volume visualization.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Robertson, Barbara
Title: VoxelView/Ultra. (Vital Images introduces its volume
visualization program) (product announcement)
Source: Computer Graphics World (April 1991) v14 n4 p20(1) 1991.
Abstract: Vital Images is introducing two new volume visualization
programs which are expected to ship in June 1991.
VoxelView/Ultra is an enhanced version of the company's
original VoxelView program. VoxelView/Ultra enables users to
use geometric graphics to penetrate rendered voxel volumes.
The program runs on a Silicon Graphics PowerVision workstation
and will sell for $40,000. VoxelView 2.0 will sell for $20,000
and will run on an IBM RS/600 or the Silicon Graphics' Personal
Iris. The program now lets users develop their own extensions
to the program more readily since the rendering engine has been
separated from the interface. Both VoxelView/Ultra and
VoxelView 2.0 are being marketed to users interested in oil and
gas exploration, medical imaging, industrial design testing and
chemistry markets.
Company: Vital Images Inc. - Product introduction
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Carrabine, Laura
Title: Scientific visualization takes hold.
Source: Computer-Aided Engineering (Jan 1991) v10 n1 p19(2) 1991.
Abstract: Scientific visualization software programs turn data into
images. Scientists use scientific visualization to see see
large volumes of data. These off-the-shelf software packages
use three-dimensional graphics, photo-realistic rendering,
image processing, and volume rendering to let scientists
interact with their data or understand problems that change
over time. Engineers also can use scientific visualization for
such applications as computational fluid dynamics and
finite-element analysis. Companies that provide scientific
visualization software packages include Stardent Computer Inc,
Wavefront Technologies, Spyglass Inc, Intelligent Light,
Precisions Visuals Inc, and Image Datacorp.
Company: Stardent Computer Inc. - Products
Wavefront Technologies Inc. - Products
Spyglass Inc. - Products
Intelligent Light Inc. - Products
Precision Visuals Inc. - Products
Image Data Corp. - Products
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Ray, Garry
Title: Monologue: make your computer talk. (First Byte Inc.'s natural
language user interface) (New Products) (product announcement)
Source: Lotus (March 1991) v7 n3 p93(1) 1991.
Abstract: First Byte Inc's $150 Monologue natural language user interface
software package scans text on the screen and produces a
synthesized voice that is output through the microcomputer's
speaker. No added hardware or extra software is required,
although Monologue must run on DOS 3.0 or higher versions. The
program has an on-screen menu that contains volume, speed, tone
and voice-gender selection controls. Monologue is capable of
reading spreadsheet text by row and column. The software is
useful for checking grammatical or syntactical errors because
it allows the user to hear rather than just see what has been
entered.
Company: First Byte Inc. - Product introduction
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Olson, Arthur J.
Goodsell, David S.
Title: A functional view of proteins.
Source: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (Jan 1991) v11 n1
p15(3) 1991.
Abstract: Computer graphics is one way to produce comprehensible views of
structural information, which help researchers relate the
thousands of atomic positions in a complex molecule to the
biological functions that the molecule performs. Bond diagrams
and shaded spheres are two of the traditional methods used in
molecular visualization. Computation and computer graphics are
now being used to generate new representations, which help
scientists see global patterns and use structure to hypothesize
function. A new method of visualizing aggregate molecular
properties is to use volume rendering techniques in conjunction
with geometric rendering.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Woo, Andrew
Poulin, Pierre
Fournier, Alain
Title: A survey of shadow algorithms. (technical)
Source: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (Nov 1990) v10 n6
p13(20) 1990.
Abstract: There are three basic factors that determine the choice of a
shadow algorithm: the rendering technique used, the modeling
primitives used, and the degree of physical accuracy needed.
Algorithms for hard shadow generation include fake shadows,
shadow generation during the scanning phase, shadow volumes,
area subdivision, depth buffer, and ray tracing. Soft shadow
algorithms include frame buffer algorithm, distributed ray
tracing, cone tracing, area subdivision approach, bidirectional
ray tracing, radiosity, hemicube, shadow polygons, complexity
analysis, and skylight illumination. Algorithms for shadows
from transparent objects include shadow ray, backward ray
tracing, cone of convergence, pencil tracing, rendering
equation and path tracing, and light-driven global
illumination. Algorithms for shadows of complex surfaces
include numerical iteration techniques, polygonization, shadows
on texture-mapped surfaces, shadows on bumpy surface,
self-shadowing of bumpy surfaces, transparency mapping, and
self-shadowing of facets. Algorithms for shadows for
particle-based objects include particle systems, volume
densities, and participating medium.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Ray, Garry
Title: PC manufacturers discover a new breed of custom chips.
(application-specific integrated circuits)
Source: Lotus (Oct 1990) v6 n10 p18(2) 1990.
Abstract: Application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) can be
customized to perform repetitive processing tasks. ASICs start
out as digital maps on logic chips known as gate arrays. Chips
can contain from 1,000 to 20,000 unlinked logical devices,
depending on the type of gate array being used, and designers
combine these devices to form an integrated circuit (IC). Chip
designs are sent to IC factories, or silicon foundries, for
testing, verification and production, which varies in volume
from truck loads of ASICs to merely a handful. Development
costs for custom ASICs are not low, but once a designed ASIC is
tested, debugged and retested, the only remaining costs are raw
materials and manufacturing.
Company: OKI America Inc. Okidata Group - products
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Levoy, Marc
Title: Efficient ray tracing of volume data. (technical)
Source: ACM Transactions on Graphics (July 1990) v9 n3 p245(17) 1990.
Abstract: New methods for visualizing discrete multidimensional data are
being developed in response to the increasing availability of
graphics workstations in the scientific and computing fields.
Volume rendering technique visualizes sample scalar or vector
fields of three spatial dimensions; the array is displayed
directly, it does not have geometric primitives fitted to it
first. A subset of this technique is to assign a color and an
opacity to each voxel and compute a two-dimension projection of
the resulting colored semitransparent volume. The advantages
of these techniques are superior image quality and ability to
generate images without explicitly defining surface geometry;
the main disadvantage is cost. A front-to-back image-order
volume-rendering algorithm uses both hierarchical spatial
enumeration and adaptive termination of ray tracing to reduce
costs. This algorithm can be used for any opacity assignment
operator that divides a volume data set into coherent regions
of opaque and transparent voxels.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Bishop, Gary
Monger, Mark
Ramsey, Paul
Title: A visualization programming environment for multicomputers.
(technical)
Source: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (July 1990) v10 n4
p50(9) 1990.
Abstract: The Visualization Products Group at Sun Microsystems develops
high-performance software and hardware platforms used for
visualization. Visualization platforms are made up of hardware
visualization accelerators, such as Sun's TAAC-1, and software
libraries and tools, such as SunVision which provides advanced
visualization technology in volume rendering, image processing,
interactive three-dimensional graphics, and high-quality
rendering. Multicomputers are used as the primary hardware
vehicle. The C programming language is used. Uniform library
support between host and accelerator is a valuable aid in
developing and porting programs. The system includes a
multitasking facility to enable a single processor to handle
many interleaved activities. Flexible acceleration of a
variety of visualization techniques requires multicomputers.
Company: Sun Microsystems Inc. - research
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Doherty, Richard
Title: Zenith focuses on larger FTM. (flat-tension mask) (Society for
Information Display conference)
Source: Electronic Engineering Times (June 11 1990) n594 p35(2) 1990.
Subjects: Society for Information Display - conferences and meetings
Abstract: Zenith Electronics Corp outlines changes to the electron gun in
its flat-tension mask cathode ray tube (CRT) display at the
Society for Information Display conference in Boston, MA. The
changes will make the dispersion of electrons more uniform
across the screen and will allow the provision of
workstation-level graphics on a 14-inch screen. The modified
gun will serve as the platform for larger FTM screens for
consumer high-definition television sets as well as for
workstations. The combination of what are usually separate
technologies for separate markets will allow Zenith to
manufacture a single tube design in high volume.
Company: Zenith Electronics Corp. - product enhancement
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Tiede, Ulf
Hoehne, Karl Heinz
Bomans, Michael
Pommert, Andreas
Riemer, Martin
Wiebecke, Gunnar
Title: Investigation of medical 3D-rendering algorithms: surface
rendering. (technical)
Source: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (March 1990) v10 n2
p41(13) 1990.
Abstract: The quality of different surface rendering algorithms is
compared using quantitative and qualitative measures of image
quality. A ray-casting algorithm is used to scan the
gray-scale volume from the desired direction of view using the
Voxel-Man program; the projection image is formed by derivation
of a gray value from the intensity profile encountered by each
ray. Two types of projections are studied: a surface voxel
identified by an intensity threshold or by its attribute gained
in a previous segmentation step (binary segmentation), and
opacity assigned to each voxel followed by production of a
semitransparent presentation based on the opacities (fuzzy
segmentation). Z-buffer gradient, gray-level gradient,
adaptive gray-level gradient and marching cubes with two
extensions are tested for the group of surface-shading
algorithms. It is found that use of a combination of shading
methods yields the best visualization.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Levoy, Marc
Title: A hybrid ray tracer for rendering polygon and volume data.
(Volume Rendering) (technical)
Source: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (March 1990) v10 n2
p33(8) 1990.
Abstract: Many medical data visualization applications require that
geometrically defined objects and sampled fields appear
together in a single image. The problem of rendering mixtures
of polygonally defined objects and sampled scalar functions of
three spatial dimensions is examined. Usually the polygon and
volume data in such systems are converted into a common
representation, which requires a binary classification of the
volume data and leads to misclassification of some small
features. A hybrid rendering algorithm is presented that can
be used to display both types of data directly, preserving the
original representations and eliminating conversion artifacts
in generated images. The new technique presented is based on
volume rendering, which is used to display sampled fields by
approximating the transmission of light through a colored
semitransparent volume.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Doherty, Richard
Title: TI ships faster graphics processor. (Texas Instruments Inc.'s
TMS34020) (product announcement)
Source: Electronic Engineering Times (March 12 1990) n581 p22(1) 1990.
Abstract: Texas Instruments Inc announces volume availability of its
TMS34020 graphics processor and reduced prices for its TMS34010
processors. The TMS34020 delivers up to 50 times the power of
the TMS34010; the new chip costs $89 in volume, while the price
of its four-year-old predecessor has been cut to $20 in volume.
More than 144 companies use the TMS34010 in hardware and
software systems; TI now plans to sell to the workstation,
visualization graphics and other markets requiring resolutions
above the VGA's 640 by 480 pixels. The increased use of X
Windows terminals and screen emulators has helped the company's
efforts outside DOS and OS/2 markets; Hewlett-Packard Co, DEC
and Tektronix are among the companies recently entering into
OEM deals with TI. Graphics cards based on the TMS34010 and
priced under $600 will be available soon, according to TI
Graphics Marketing Mgr Scott Huckaby.
Company: Texas Instruments Inc. - product introduction
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Reilly, Paul
Title: Data visualization in archaeology. (technical)
Source: IBM Systems Journal (Dec 1989) v28 n4 p569(11) 1989.
Abstract: Archaeological field work produces vast amounts of
three-dimensionally recorded data which can only be analysed
using computers. Developments in data-visualization techniques
are continually increasing the volume and complexity of data
that can be studied meaningfully. In particular, three systems
developed at the IBM United Kingdom Scientific Centre have been
applied in a wide variety of archaeological situations: a
graphics-database system called the Winchester Graphics System
(WGS), IBM's IAX (Image Applications eXecutive) image
processing system, and the WINchester SOlid Modelling system
called WINSOM. It has been shown that these systems not only
permit well-known problems to be answered in new and
interesting ways but have freed archaeologists to explore
previously undiscovered avenues of research. The techniques
developed using these systems also have major implications for
education and training. (Reprinted by permission of the
publisher.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Roman, Gruia-Catalin
Cox, Kenneth C.
Title: A declarative approach to visualizing concurrent computations.
(Visualization in Computing) (technical)
Source: Computer (Oct 1989) v22 n10 p25(12) 1989.
Subjects: Visual programming (Computer science) - research
Visual programming languages (Computer science) - design and
construction
Abstract: Visualization is examined as a way to understand programs made
up of large numbers of concurrent processes in an attempt to
establish a new technical foundation for research into the
monitoring and debugging of large-scale concurrent programs.
Such programs produce a very high volume of information that
exceeds the ability of people to assimilate it in textual form.
The human visual system is better able to process information
in the form of images rather than in the sequential form of
textual techniques. The level of abstraction in the displayed
information must be increased as the number of processes grows.
Visualization systems that provide flexible abstractions help
programmers select displays that are easily specified and
understood. Arguments are presented in favor of the
declarative visualization paradigm and a case is built for
program verification as the technical foundation for a formal
approach to visualization.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Weiss, Ray
Title: Communications expert. (Motorola's 68302 dedicated
communications controller)
Source: Electronic Engineering Times (Sept 18 1989) n556 p47(2) 1989.
Abstract: Motorola's Microprocessor Products Group's 68302 is a dedicated
communications controller that handles five of the major
communications protocols. It delivers an unprecedented level
of integration, providing what is currently a substantial
amount of on-board logic on a single chip. This is also the
company's first commercial offering with a 32-bit 68000 core.
It handles IBM's HDLC/SDLC, bisync and async transmissions,
DEC's DDCMP and V.110, ISDN, and a UART interface for low-level
communications. It is programmable, so developers can add
proprietary network- and transport-level protocol
implementations. The 68302 also contains many of the features
of standard microprocessors, including an interrupt controller,
standard serial port, two general-purpose timer/counters and a
16-bit watchdog timer. The chip is currently in beta sampling.
General sampling is scheduled for Oct 1989, with volume
production targeted for the second quarter.
Company: Motorola Inc. - products
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Fuchs, Henry
Levoy, Marc
Pizer, Stephen M.
Title: Interactive visualization of 3D medical data.
Source: Computer (August 1989) v22 n8 p46(6) 1989.
Abstract: Current image rendering techniques and graphics display
hardware are useful for the interactive visualization of
three-dimensional medical data, but real-time volume-rendering
techniques implemented on highly parallel multiprocessor
graphics systems are the future of clinical imaging systems.
3D rendering techniques for medical data fall into three
classes: surface-based techniques, binary voxel techniques, and
volume-rendering techniques. Each of these is described and
evaluated. Current display hardware for producing a
two-dimensional image from the 3D data set may use stereo
viewers, varifocal mirrors, cine sequences, head-mounted
displays, and near-real-time graphics systems. Each is briefly
described.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Guglielmo, Connie
Title: Apple showcases visualization tools at Siggraph.
Source: MacWEEK (August 8 1989) v3 n29 p1(2) 1989.
Subjects: Special Interest Group on Computer Graphics - exhibitions
Abstract: Apple Computer drew steady crowds to its display at Siggraph
'89 in Boston on Jul 1989. The display highlighted animation,
graphics, video and scientific visualization tools for the
Macintosh. Apple is pushing into the engineering and
scientific markets with the first volume of The Apple Science
CD, containing over 300Mbytes of scientific images, animations
and visualizations. The free disc contains images from a
number of sources including Wolfram Research, the National
Institutes of Health and the National Center for Supercomputing
Applications.
Company: Apple Computer Inc. - technological innovations
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Pareschi, Maria Teresa
Bernstein, Ralph
Title: Modeling and image processing for visualization of volcanic
mapping. (technical)
Source: IBM Journal of Research and Development (July 1989) v33 n4
p406(11) 1989.
Abstract: In countries such as Italy, Japan, and Mexico, where active
volcanoes are located in highly populated areas, the problem of
risk reduction is very important. Actual knowledge about
volcanic behavior does not allow deterministic event prediction
or the forecasting of eruptions. However, areas exposed to
eruptions can be analyzed if eruption characteristics can be
inferred or assumed. Models to simulate volcanic eruptions and
identify hazardous areas have been developed by collaboration
between the IBM Italy Pisa Scientific Center and the Earth
Science Department of Pisa University (supported by the Italian
National Group of Volcanology of the Italian National Research
Council). The input to the models is the set of assumed
eruption characteristics: the typology of the phenomenon (ash
fall, pyroclastic flow, etc.), vent position, total eruptible
mass, wind profile, etc. The output of the models shows
volcanic product distribution at ground level. These models
are reviewed and their use in hazard estimation (compared with
the more traditional techniques currently in use) is outlined.
Effective use of these models, by public administrators and
planners in preparing plans for the evacuation of hazardous
zones, requires the clear and effective display of model
results. Techniques to display and visualize such data have
been developed by the authors. In particular, a computer
program has been implemented on the IBM 7350 Image Processing
System to display model outputs, representing both volume (in
two dimensions) and distribution of ejected material, and to
superimpose the displays upon satellite images that show 3D
oblique views of terrain. This form of presentation, realized
for various sets of initial conditions and eruption times,
represents a very effective visual tool for volcanic hazard
zoning and evacuation planning. (Reprinted by permission of
the publisher.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Gantz, John
Title: Visualization: because the benefits are clear, the barriers to
market growth may slowly be dismantled. (Graphics Industry)
(column)
Source: Computer Graphics World (July 1989) v12 n7 p31(3) 1989.
Abstract: Graphics software publishers have developed a market for
visualization products. Visualization in its market sense,
covers scientific computing, graphics interactivity and
graphics integration with computing. Improvements in hardware
performance have pushed the development of interactive graphics
systems. New applications have been developed in the past
decade. Scientific applications such as chemistry,
astrophysics, molecular modeling and fluid dynamics have become
dependent on visualization. Government funding has also
encouraged growth of the visualization market. However,
visualization markets represent small segments of the computer
market, making development slow. Programming tools for
simulation applications are rare. Much of the graphics market
is devoted to the high volume computer aided design market.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Scott, Robert
Title: Doors to home office could close on dealers.
Source: Computer & Software News (Dec 12 1988) v6 n50 p1(2) 1988.
Abstract: Computer retailers may hold the key to attracting home office
users, but the opportunity for market share is fading in the
wake of an invasion by mass merchandisers. That is the opinion
of Ray Boggs, director of marketing services for CAP
International Inc, a marketing research firm. Boggs noted that
his firm estimates the presence of 11 million home offices in
the US. Computer dealers are more likely to win the business
of these home office users than office equipment dealers.
However, massive retail chains who offer volume discounts are
beginning to attract users in search of lower prices. Computer
dealers meanwhile must focus on attracting users through
services.
Company: CAP International Inc. - statistics
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Van Zandt, William
Argiro, Vincent
Title: A new 'inlook' on life. (computer graphics applied to
biological sciences)
Source: UNIX Review (March 1989) v7 n3 p52(5) 1989.
Abstract: Volume rendering is an advanced three-dimensional computer
graphics visualization technique that enables improved
interaction between objective image acquisition and measurement
tools and scientific understanding and intuition, exemplified
by the use of the techniques in experimental biology. Volume
rendering represents 3-D objects as constructs of 'voxels,'
discrete volumetric building blocks. The methodology is easy
to understand, and results of the process are easy to
interpret. The Laboratory for Advanced Biological Cell Imaging
at Fairfield, IA's Maharishi International University uses
volume visualization technology for the observation and
analysis of nerve cell microscopy. A viable, real-time,
interactive biological volume-rendering system is found to
require a large memory, sufficiently high data-traversal speed,
and fast 3-D coordinate transformations and calculations.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Frenkel, Karen A.
Title: Volume rendering. (technical)
Source: Communications of the ACM (April 1989) v32 n4 p426(10) 1989.
Subjects: Volumetric analysis - usage
Tomography - usage
Abstract: New devices and techniques make volume rendering more feasible
now than ever before. Computer graphics provide a general
means of visualization that is effective for two types of data:
real (measured) and numerical (calculated). The technique of
volume rendering provides physicians with more data, therefore
changing the course of treatment. Three-dimensional rendering
of computed tomography (CT) scan data is used by surgeons to
plan operations. CT is also known as computerized axial
tomography. Widespread acceptance of the technology has been
hindered by vendors that have kept their data formats
proprietary. The next quantum leap in volume rendering will
come with the real time production of very high quality images.
The challenge is to provide the control of traditional
rendering for volume rendering. An ancillary benefit is the
use of the technology to convey scientific principles to
non-scientific people.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Eo, K.S.
Kyung, C.M.
Title: Hybrid shadow testing scheme for ray tracing. (technical)
Source: Computer-Aided Design (Jan-Feb 1989) v21 n1 p38(11) 1989.
Abstract: The paper presents a new shadow testing acceleration scheme for
ray tracing called hybrid shadow testing (HST) based on
conditional switching between the conventional shadow testing
method and Crow's shadow volume method, where the shadow
polygons as well as the object polygons are registered onto the
corresponding cells under the 3D space subdivision environment.
Despite the preprocessing time needed for the generation and
registration of the shadow polygons, the total shadow testing
time of HST was approximately 50% of that of conventional
shadow testing for several examples, while the total ray
tracing time was typically reduced by 30%. This is due to the
selective use of the shadow volume method, with a compromise
between maximizing use of the shadow's spatial coherency and
minimizing the computational overhead for checking ray
intersections with the shadow polygons. A parameter Nth,
denoting the critical number of shadow polygons between
successive reflection points, was used as a guideline for
switching the shadow testing scheme between the conventional
method and shadow volume method. A method for calculating Nth
from statistical data such as the number of object polygons,
average polygon size, and average peripheral length of the
polygons was proposed, resulting in good agreement with the
experimental results. (Reprinted by permission of the
publisher.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Ray, Garry
Title: C is the language of choice; now how do we learn it? (Behind
the Lines) (column)
Source: PC Week (Feb 27 1989) v6 n8 p39(1) 1989.
Subjects: C (Computer program language) - study and teaching
Compilers (Computer programs) - study and teaching
Abstract: Numerous low-cost compilers were released in 1988, notably
Borland International's Turbo C and Microsoft's QuickC. A
difference in the two offerings is the tutorials included:
whereas Borland allots a brief 90-page section of its User's
Guide to a superficial explanation of C, Microsoft provides a
full-blown guide to the language. In addition, Borland
instituted a terse version of an on-line help system, while
Microsoft added the QuickC Advisor, an on-line reference
library from which C examples and templates can be cut and
pasted into working programs. In short, Microsoft accurately
surmise that the largest demand for its QuickC complier would
be from users wanting to learn the language. To underscore
that assumption, Microsoft Press released an inexpensive little
volume called Lean C Now, priced at $39.95 and including an
editor, debugger and an in-memory compiler.
Language: C Programming Language
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Glassner, Andrew S.
Title: Spacetime ray tracing for animation. (technical)
Source: IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications (March 1988) v8 n2
p60(11) 1988.
Abstract: Techniques for the efficient ray tracing of animated scenes
based on two central concepts are presented. The concepts are
spacetime ray tracing, and a hybrid adaptive space
subdivision-bounding volume technique for generating efficient,
nonoverlapping hierarchies of bounding volumes. In spacetime
ray tracing, static objects are rendered in 4D spacetime, using
4-dimensional analogues to familiar 3-dimensional ray-tracing
techniques. A new bounding volume hierarchy combines elements
of adaptive space subdivision and bounding volume techniques,
and the quality of the hierarchy and its nonoverlapping
character make it an improvement over previous algorithms.
Both attributes reduce the number of ray-object intersections
that must be computed. It is possible to ray trace large
animations more quickly with spacetime ray tracing using this
hierarchy than with straightforward frame-by-frame rendering.
(Reprinted with the permission of the publisher.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Author: Killmon, Peg
Title: Imaging sharpens medical diagnoses: doctors get a clearer look
into the human body.
Source: Computer Graphics World (Oct 1987) v10 n10 p49(4) 1987.
Subjects: Medical Diagnosis
Image Processing
Utilization
Medicine
Functional Capabilities
Applications
Abstract: Image processing is used in a wide range of medical
applications including diagnosis, planning surgery, providing a
surgeon with visual references, designing prostheses, and
simulating corrective procedures. PCs connected to
superminicomputers, combine with specialized imaging
subsystems, collect, store, digitize, process, and display data
from such devices as CT, NMI, ultrasound, and MRI scanners.
Imaging systems range from $2,000 boards to $10,000 to $100,000
complete systems. Advantages in diagnosis include reducing
blurred images and easier comparison, highlighting, isolation,
and magnification of images. 3D systems provide additional
help in pinpointing tumors, measuring lung volume, and
constructing prostheses. Real-time capability provides
additional visualization and planning capabilities. Several
medical imaging systems and their applications are briefly
described.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------






Article 5199 of comp.graphics.visualization:
Path: cnn.nas.nasa.gov!ames!hookup!usc!usc!not-for-mail
From: merlin@neuro.usc.edu (merlin)
Newsgroups: comp.graphics.visualization
Subject: Re: WANTED: Volume Rendering Bibliography

RenderMan: pursuing the future of graphics. (technical)

Apodaca, Anthony A.
Mantle, M.W.

The RenderMan Interface is a three-dimensional (3D)-description
interface for realistic rendering of scenes and data. It is
independent of hardware platforms. It divides generating images
into modeling and rendering. The RenderMan Interface supplies
complete definitions for all data that can be output as part of a
3D scene description and permits the user to control the shading
process with four types of shaders: surface, displacement, light,
and volume. RenderMan features include a comprehensive
scene-description feature set, convex and concave polygons,
polyhedral surfaces, bicubic patch, patch meshes, support for
procedural primitives, and support for all basic 3D graphics
functions. It includes support for transformation and
deformation, motion-blur, and camera. A complete RenderMan scene
description can be contained in the RenderMan Interface
Bytestream protocol. This is a complete transcription of the
model. Over 5,000 copies of RenderMan have been distributed. A
number of computer-aided design and product-design software
suppliers are using or plan to use RenderMan.
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
(July 1990) v10 n4 p44(6)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Argiro, Vincent
Van Zandt, William

The voxel is a volume pixel that offers a new way of looking at
three-dimensional graphics: the voxel allows a user to sample the
three-dimensional (3-D) space that an object occupies, rather
than looking only at its surface. The term voxel is derived from
pixel, a tiny 2-D picture element of a digital image. The voxel
exists on a 3-D grid, and possesses a value that represents a
sample of real-world scientific or medical volume data. Voxel
data lends itself towards volume rendering or volume imaging,
which allow the user to view data as a 3-D image. It is also
possible to specify opacity as desired, in order to view the
interior of an object. These qualities have significant
ramifications and applications in medicine, for use in tests such
as the X-ray CT scan. Developments in computer graphics have made
possible the merging of volume-rendered and geometric-model forms
into one 3-D visual space.

Voxels: data in 3-D. (volume pixels offer a new way to represent
the world and analyze data) (State of the Art)
Byte
(May 1992) v17 n5 p177(5)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Basics of network visualization. (AT & T develops Seenet
long-distance telephone network usage visualization software)

Becker, Richard A.
Eick, Stephen G.
Wilks, Allan R.

AT and T Bell Laboratories Inc developed the Seenet network
visualization software for the interactive display of the
dynamics of long-distance telephone network usage. The AT and T
long distance network has over 100 nodes, all of which are
connected to virtually every other node. Seenet provides a
variety of tools for the effective visual display of such a
complex network against a map of the US. These tools include
on-screen graphical buttons and sliders that allow variations in
the thickness, length and volume thresholds represented by lines
indicating the amount of traffic between any two nodes. The
controls also enable the addition or deletion of nodes or
segments, zooming in on portions of the map, display of
statistics for any section of the map and a historical display of
network statistics.
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
(May 1991) v11 n3 p12(3)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Interactive measurement of three-dimensional objects using a
depth buffer and linear probe. (The Interaction Technique
Notebook) (technical)

Becker, Shawn C.
Barrett, William A.
Olssen, Dan R.

Using a depth buffer and a three-dimensional Digital Differential
Analyzer (DDA) line (linear probe) can be used to provide
real-time visual and quantitative feedback relating to object
geometry and surface dimensions. The technique is simple: the
two-dimensional mouse position is projected onto the object's
surface, which specifies the 3D point on the object's surface. A
second point is dragged along the surface and the intervening
surface structures are visually penetrated by the probe. This
updates the surface structures in real time. The kinetic depth
effect enables the interactive movement of the probe to provide
excellent depth perception. The area between a given probe and
its projected surface curve can be estimated to provide area
measurements. The linear probe is helpful where quantification of
volume image data is of equal importance with visualization.
ACM Transactions on Graphics
(April 1991) v10 n2 p200(8)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Bidasaria, H.B.

A method is presented for modeling and rendering surface textures
by defining them over the entire three-dimensional space, after
which any surface that can be represented by an implicit function
can be rendered. No volume rendering is done, but the surfaces
are ray traced directly. Implicit functions are used to define
various surfaces; the functions are considered exponential
functions, the exponents of which are large magnitudes. The
entire surface of a rectangle solid or a truncated cone can be
defined as precisely as desired using these functions, and
complex surfaces can be modeled using piecewise modeling and
blending of various analytical surfaces. The ray-surface points
of intersection and the normals at the points can be calculated
precisely because of the large relative variation of the implicit
functional density in the entire three-dimensional space. The
technique allows both regular and stochastic textures to be
modeled and rendered.

Defining and rendering of textured objects through the use of
exponential functions. (Technical)
CVGIP: Graphical Models and Image Processing
(March 1992) v54 n2 p97(6)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
A visualization programming environment for multicomputers.
(technical)

Bishop, Gary
Monger, Mark
Ramsey, Paul

The Visualization Products Group at Sun Microsystems develops
high-performance software and hardware platforms used for
visualization. Visualization platforms are made up of hardware
visualization accelerators, such as Sun's TAAC-1, and software
libraries and tools, such as SunVision which provides advanced
visualization technology in volume rendering, image processing,
interactive three-dimensional graphics, and high-quality
rendering. Multicomputers are used as the primary hardware
vehicle. The C programming language is used. Uniform library
support between host and accelerator is a valuable aid in
developing and porting programs. The system includes a
multitasking facility to enable a single processor to handle many
interleaved activities. Flexible acceleration of a variety of
visualization techniques requires multicomputers.
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
(July 1990) v10 n4 p50(9)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Scientific visualization takes hold.

Carrabine, Laura

Scientific visualization software programs turn data into images.
Scientists use scientific visualization to see see large volumes
of data. These off-the-shelf software packages use
three-dimensional graphics, photo-realistic rendering, image
processing, and volume rendering to let scientists interact with
their data or understand problems that change over time.
Engineers also can use scientific visualization for such
applications as computational fluid dynamics and finite-element
analysis. Companies that provide scientific visualization
software packages include Stardent Computer Inc, Wavefront
Technologies, Spyglass Inc, Intelligent Light, Precisions Visuals
Inc, and Image Datacorp.
Computer-Aided Engineering
(Jan 1991) v10 n1 p19(2)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cohen, Raines

Waterloo Maple Software introduces version V of the Maple
interactive computer algebra software package developed by the
Symbolic Computation Group at the University of Waterloo,
Ontario, computer science department. Maple V adds 3-D graphics,
user control over styles in worksheets and 700 new math
functions; the program is used for symbolic and numeric
computation, mathematical programming and visualization. Maple is
made up of a small engine customized to each CPU, a
platform-independent kernel and a 7Mbyte multiplatform library
with over 2,000 user-modifiable functions. The new version runs
on Macintoshes with 2Mbytes of RAM and does not require a math
coprocessor. Maple V costs $450 per computer for the Macintosh
(volume discounts are available); the price for other platforms
ranges from $695 for 386-based machines to $8,495 for Cray XMP
supercomputers.

Maple branches out into 3-D world; more functions, help bolster
math tool. (Waterloo Maple Software's Maple version V interactive
computer algebra software package) (product announcement)
MacWEEK
(Oct 29 1991) v5 n37 p10(1)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TI ships faster graphics processor. (Texas Instruments Inc.'s
TMS34020) (product announcement)

Doherty, Richard

Texas Instruments Inc announces volume availability of its
TMS34020 graphics processor and reduced prices for its TMS34010
processors. The TMS34020 delivers up to 50 times the power of the
TMS34010; the new chip costs $89 in volume, while the price of
its four-year-old predecessor has been cut to $20 in volume. More
than 144 companies use the TMS34010 in hardware and software
systems; TI now plans to sell to the workstation, visualization
graphics and other markets requiring resolutions above the VGA's
640 by 480 pixels. The increased use of X Windows terminals and
screen emulators has helped the company's efforts outside DOS and
OS/2 markets; Hewlett-Packard Co, DEC and Tektronix are among the
companies recently entering into OEM deals with TI. Graphics
cards based on the TMS34010 and priced under $600 will be
available soon, according to TI Graphics Marketing Mgr Scott
Huckaby.
Electronic Engineering Times
(March 12 1990) n581 p22(1)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SGI pushes visualization under $8k. (Silicon Graphics Computer
Systems Inc.) (Iris Indigo 3-D visualization machine) (product
announcement)

Doherty, Richard
Wirbel, Loring

Silicon Graphics Computer Systems Inc (SGI) is introducing the
Iris Indigo, the desktop-computing industry's lowest priced 3-D
visualization machine. The Iris Indigo offers 2-D and 3-D
graphics capabilities that include alpha bending and texture
mapping. The device is designed around the industry's most robust
multimedia architecture and features multiple internal data
highways. The base price for Iris Indigo, which will be available
in volume in Sep 1991, is $7,995. SGI is also introducing Iris
Explorer, a new visualization environment for developing
applications without writing code.
Electronic Engineering Times
(July 22 1991) n651 p1(2)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hybrid shadow testing scheme for ray tracing. (technical)

Eo, K.S.
Kyung, C.M.

The paper presents a new shadow testing acceleration scheme for
ray tracing called hybrid shadow testing (HST) based on
conditional switching between the conventional shadow testing
method and Crow's shadow volume method, where the shadow polygons
as well as the object polygons are registered onto the
corresponding cells under the 3D space subdivision environment.
Despite the preprocessing time needed for the generation and
registration of the shadow polygons, the total shadow testing
time of HST was approximately 50% of that of conventional shadow
testing for several examples, while the total ray tracing time
was typically reduced by 30%. This is due to the selective use of
the shadow volume method, with a compromise between maximizing
use of the shadow's spatial coherency and minimizing the
computational overhead for checking ray intersections with the
shadow polygons. A parameter Nth, denoting the critical number of
shadow polygons between successive reflection points, was used as
a guideline for switching the shadow testing scheme between the
conventional method and shadow volume method. A method for
calculating Nth from statistical data such as the number of
object polygons, average polygon size, and average peripheral
length of the polygons was proposed, resulting in good agreement
with the experimental results. (Reprinted by permission of the
publisher.)
Computer-Aided Design
(Jan-Feb 1989) v21 n1 p38(11)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Francis, Bob

Reduced instruction set computer- (RISC) based three-dimensional
workstations are gaining in popularity as prices drop and more
suppliers begin providing their customers with upgrade paths. 3-D
workstations feature enhanced graphics capabilities such as the
ability to work with graphs of three axes, or to manipulate
lifelike surface renderings of objects from a variety of views.
High-end machines that formerly cost $50,000 are available for
$30,000 in 1991; 3-D machines claimed 15 percent of the $6.5
billion workstation market in 1990. Analysts expect 3-D systems
to account for 25 percent of the volume of workstation shipments
in 1991. Dataquest Inc speculates that the 3-D market will
increase at a 24.2 percent growth rate through 1996. The five
chief applications of 3-D computing include design animation and
functional simulation; design visualization; display and
interpretation of analytic results; 3-D data base development;
and manufacturing/assembly/maintenance simulation and control.

Workstations enter the third dimension. (reduced instruction set
computer-based three-dimensional workstations, market
growth)(includes related article on the Advanced Computing
Environment consortium)
Datamation
(Sept 1 1991) v37 n17 p34(3)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Volume rendering. (technical)

Frenkel, Karen A.

New devices and techniques make volume rendering more feasible
now than ever before. Computer graphics provide a general means
of visualization that is effective for two types of data: real
(measured) and numerical (calculated). The technique of volume
rendering provides physicians with more data, therefore changing
the course of treatment. Three-dimensional rendering of computed
tomography (CT) scan data is used by surgeons to plan operations.
CT is also known as computerized axial tomography. Widespread
acceptance of the technology has been hindered by vendors that
have kept their data formats proprietary. The next quantum leap
in volume rendering will come with the real time production of
very high quality images. The challenge is to provide the control
of traditional rendering for volume rendering. An ancillary
benefit is the use of the technology to convey scientific
principles to non-scientific people.
Communications of the ACM
(April 1989) v32 n4 p426(10)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Visualization: because the benefits are clear, the barriers to
market growth may slowly be dismantled. (Graphics Industry)
(column)

Gantz, John

Graphics software publishers have developed a market for
visualization products. Visualization in its market sense, covers
scientific computing, graphics interactivity and graphics
integration with computing. Improvements in hardware performance
have pushed the development of interactive graphics systems. New
applications have been developed in the past decade. Scientific
applications such as chemistry, astrophysics, molecular modeling
and fluid dynamics have become dependent on visualization.
Government funding has also encouraged growth of the
visualization market. However, visualization markets represent
small segments of the computer market, making development slow.
Programming tools for simulation applications are rare. Much of
the graphics market is devoted to the high volume computer aided
design market.
Computer Graphics World
(July 1989) v12 n7 p31(3)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Giertsen, Christopher

An algorithm is presented that helps designers visualize scalar
volumes of irregular computational meshes. The algorithm requires
the input to be given as a collection of convex hexahedral
elements defined by eight vertices with scalar values. The
algorithm's efficiency is achieved with look-up tables and
buffers when possible to minimize computations. The Slice
function is used to compute the intersection between the scan
plane and the edges of an active element. The scalar requires
that it is interpolated, since each element might cover several
pixels. A scalar field is transformed into a density field,
allowing use of a varying density emitter model to compare
brightness. The order of all contributions to the pixel values
with the associated scan plane must be monitored to correctly
compute a line of a picture. Color mapping, pixel values and the
rendering algorithm are discussed.

Volume visualization of sparse irregular meshes.
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
(March 1992) v12 n2 p40(9)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Spacetime ray tracing for animation. (technical)

Glassner, Andrew S.

Techniques for the efficient ray tracing of animated scenes based
on two central concepts are presented. The concepts are spacetime
ray tracing, and a hybrid adaptive space subdivision-bounding
volume technique for generating efficient, nonoverlapping
hierarchies of bounding volumes. In spacetime ray tracing, static
objects are rendered in 4D spacetime, using 4-dimensional
analogues to familiar 3-dimensional ray-tracing techniques. A new
bounding volume hierarchy combines elements of adaptive space
subdivision and bounding volume techniques, and the quality of
the hierarchy and its nonoverlapping character make it an
improvement over previous algorithms. Both attributes reduce the
number of ray-object intersections that must be computed. It is
possible to ray trace large animations more quickly with
spacetime ray tracing using this hierarchy than with
straightforward frame-by-frame rendering. (Reprinted with the
permission of the publisher.)
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
(March 1988) v8 n2 p60(11)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Fast surface tracking in three-dimensional binary images.
(technical)

Gordon, Dan
Udupa, Jayaram K.

Input scenes in medical 3D imaging are represented by an array of
volume elements, designated voxels. Objects in the scene are
specified as 'connected' sets of voxels. Surface tracking is an
important precursory step in such applications. An efficient
algorithm is reported that tracks surfaces by visiting each
boundary face in the surface twice. A new definition of discrete
objects and boundaries is presented that leads to a modification
of the algorithm which visits one-third of the boundary surfaces
twice (on average) and the rest once. It is implemented in a
display software package where it is found to achieve a run-time
reduction of about 35 percent, including the necessary
computation of surface- normal information for realism of surface
rendering, and without which the reduction would be approximately
55 percent.
Computer Vision, Graphics & Image Processing
(Feb 1989) v45 n2 p196(19)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Apple showcases visualization tools at Siggraph.

Guglielmo, Connie

Apple Computer drew steady crowds to its display at Siggraph '89
in Boston on Jul 1989. The display highlighted animation,
graphics, video and scientific visualization tools for the
Macintosh. Apple is pushing into the engineering and scientific
markets with the first volume of The Apple Science CD, containing
over 300Mbytes of scientific images, animations and
visualizations. The free disc contains images from a number of
sources including Wolfram Research, the National Institutes of
Health and the National Center for Supercomputing Applications.
MacWEEK
(August 8 1989) v3 n29 p1(2)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
AI and the intelligence community. (artificial intelligence used
by government intelligence agencies)

Hillmam, David

Information gathering, processing and dissemination is not much
different in government intelligence agencies than it is in large
corporations, and just as in the corporate world, artificial
intelligence technologies can be used by the intelligence
community to enhance information management. The Eighth
Intelligence Community AI/Advanced Computing Symposium held in
Mar 1991 focused on how artificial intelligence techniques and
tools can help process the growing volume of data being collected
with limited staff. Technologies for collecting, routing and
storing data are limited by the ability of humans to analyze the
information; artificial intelligence can be used to enhance human
information processing capacity through text processing,
intelligent document retrieval, language processing, knowledge
visualization, decision aids, expert systems, neural networks,
multisource fusion, imagery analysis, parallel processing and
signal analysis, and computer security. Each of these is
described, and future use of AI-based systems by agencies is
examined.
AI Expert
(August 1991) v6 n8 p54(4)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hohne, Karl Heinz
Bomans, Michael
Riemer, Martin
Schubert, Rainer
Tiede, Ulf
Lierse, Werner

Volume visualization provides physicians with the ability to
analyze specific areas of the body and is beginning to be used in
medical education. Hypermedia offers students and teachers the
opportunity to find information in an order determined by needs
rather than by the rigidly linear structure of textbooks. The
combination of volume-based images with hypermedia presents an
ideal way of organizing anatomical data. The data is related by
structure, function, topology and pathology allowing students to
access it in different ways at different times depending on their
specific interest. Users can also isolate or color structures
within an image to make aspects clearer. Further research into a
more natural interface is being conducted.

A volume-based anatomical atlas. (Technical)
IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications
(July 1992) v12 n4 p72(7)

------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Irving, Frank

DEC's Alpha initiative is expected to lead to volume shipments of
new products by the end of 1992; the open, 64-bit reduced
instruction set computer (RISC) architecture is planned to have a